GrammarN4

8 chapters · 27 points

1. Putting events in order

4

〜まえにBefore doing ~〜てからAfter doing ~〜たあとでAfter ~ (completed action)〜ながらWhile doing ~

2. Reasons and purpose

3

〜しAnd what's more (listing reasons)〜ためにIn order to / for the purpose of 〜ようにSo that / in order to

3. Permission and obligation

3

〜てもいいIt is OK to ~〜てはいけないMust not ~〜なければならないMust do ~

4. Verbs that help verbs

4

〜てみるTry doing ~〜ておくDo in advance / leave as is 〜てしまうEnd up doing / completed (often regrettable)あげる / もらう / くれるGiving and receiving

5. Can, done to, made to

3

〜られる (potential)Can do ~ (potential form)〜られる (passive)Is done to ~ (passive)〜させる (causative)Make/let someone do ~

6. Guessing and hearsay

4

〜そうだLooks like / I heard that 〜かもしれないMight / maybe 〜だろうProbably (plain form)〜はずだShould be / expected to be

7. Intentions and examples

3

〜つもりIntend to ~〜たり〜たりThings like ~ and ~というCalled ~ / named ~

8. Comparing and degree

3

〜よりMore than ~〜ほどTo the extent that / as ~ as 〜でもEven ~ / any ~